Memory system and method of operating the same

ABSTRACT

A memory controller may control a memory device including a plurality of memory blocks each including a plurality of pages. The memory controller may include a scan voltage controller configured to control the memory device to apply a plurality of scan voltages to any one page of the plurality of pages, a counter configured to obtain, based on sensed data obtained by reading the any one page using the plurality of scan voltages, the number of memory cells having a threshold voltage included in at least one voltage range defined by the plurality of scan voltages from among a plurality of memory cells included in the any one page, and a data manager configured to control the memory device to store data stored in a memory block including the any one page in another memory block, based on the number of memory cells.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) toKorean patent application number 10-2021-0044291 filed on Apr. 5, 2021,in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND Field of Invention

Various embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to anelectronic device, and more particularly, to a memory device, a memorysystem including a memory controller, and a method of operating thememory system.

Description of Related Art

A memory system is a device which stores data under control of a hostdevice such as a computer or a smartphone. The memory system may includea memory device configured to store data, and a memory controllerconfigured to control the memory device. Memory devices may beclassified into volatile memory devices and nonvolatile memory devices.

A volatile memory device may be a memory device, which stores data onlywhen power is supplied thereto, and in which data stored therein is lostwhen power is turned off. Examples of a volatile memory device mayinclude a static random access memory (SRAM), and a dynamic randomaccess memory (DRAM).

A nonvolatile memory device is a memory device in which data storedtherein is maintained even when power is turned off. Examples of anonvolatile memory device may include a read-only memory (ROM), aprogrammable ROM (PROM), an electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), anelectrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), and a flash memory.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a memorysystem capable of rapidly and accurately determining a deteriorationstate of a memory block to maintain reliability of data, and a method ofoperating the memory system.

An embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a memory controllerconfigured to control a memory device including a plurality of memoryblocks each including a plurality of pages. The memory controller mayinclude: a scan voltage controller configured to control the memorydevice to apply a plurality of scan voltages to any one page of theplurality of pages; a counter configured to obtain, based on sensed dataobtained by reading the any one page using the plurality of scanvoltages, a number of memory cells having a threshold voltage includedin at least one voltage range defined by the plurality of scan voltagesfrom among a plurality of memory cells included in the any one page; anda data manager configured to control the memory device to store datastored in a memory block including the any one page in another memoryblock, based on the number of memory cells.

An embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a method ofoperating a memory controller configured to control a memory deviceincluding a plurality of memory blocks each including a plurality ofpages. The method may include: controlling the memory device to apply aplurality of scan voltages to any one page of the plurality of pages;obtaining, based on sensed data obtained by reading the any one pageusing the plurality of scan voltages, a number of memory cells having athreshold voltage included in at least one voltage range defined by theplurality of scan voltages from among a plurality of memory cellsincluded in the any one page; and controlling the memory device to storedata stored in a memory block including the any one page in anothermemory block, based on the number of memory cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a memory system in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a memory device inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure,

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a memory block inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for describing threshold voltages of memory cells inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure,

FIG. 5 is a diagram for describing a voltage range in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram for describing the voltage range of FIG, 5.

FIG. 7 is a diagram for describing the number of memory cells in thevoltage range in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams for describing a method of counting thenumber of memory cells in the voltage range in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating a memorycontroller in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating the memorycontroller in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating the memorycontroller in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a memory card to which thememory system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosureis applied.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a solid state drive (SSD) systemto which the memory system in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure is applied.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a user system to which thememory system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosureis applied.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific structural or functional descriptions in the embodiments of thepresent disclosure introduced in this specification or application areonly for description of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Thedescriptions and/or scope of the claims should not be construed as beinglimited to the embodiments described in the specification orapplication.

The methods, processes, and/or operations described herein may beperformed by code or instructions to be executed by a computer,processor, controller, or other signal processing device. The computer,processor, controller, or other signal processing device may be thosedescribed herein or one in addition to the elements described herein.Because the algorithms that form the basis of the methods (or operationsof the computer, processor, controller, or other signal processingdevice) are described in detail, the code or instructions forimplementing the operations of the method embodiments may transform thecomputer, processor, controller, or other signal processing device intoa special-purpose processor for performing methods herein.

When implemented in at least partially in software, the controllers,processors, devices, modules, units, multiplexers, generators, logic,interfaces, decoders, drivers, generators and other signal generatingand signal processing features may include, for example, a memory orother storage device for storing code or instructions to be executed,for example, by a computer, processor, microprocessor, controller, orother signal processing device.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a memory system 1000 in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring FIG. 1, the memory system 1000 in accordance with theembodiment of the present disclosure may include at least one memorydevice 100 and a memory controller 200.

The memory system 1000 may be a storage device based on a semiconductor.The memory system 1000 may store data under control of the host 300. Thememory system 1000 may provide the stored data to the host 300 undercontrol of the host 300.

The memory system 1000 may be formed of any one of various kinds ofstorage devices, depending on a host interface, which is a communicationscheme for communicating with the host 300. For example, the memorysystem 1000 may be formed of any one of various kinds of storage devicessuch as a solid state disk (SSD), a multi media card (MMC), embedded MMC(eMMC), a reduced-size MMC (RS-MMC), a micro-MMC, a secure digital (SD)card, a mini-SD card, a micro-SD card, a universal serial bus (USB) typestorage device, a universal flash storage (UFS), a personal computermemory card international association (PCMCIA) device, a peripheralcomponent interconnection (PCI) device, a PCI express (PCI_E), device, acompact flash (CF) card, a smart media card, a memory stick, etc.

The memory system 1000 may be manufactured in the form of any one ofvarious package types. For instance, the memory system 1000 may bemanufactured in the form of any one of various package types such as apackage on package (POP) type, a system in package (SIP) type, a systemon chip (SOC) type, a multi-chip package (MCP) type, a chip on board(COB) type, a wafer-level fabricated package (WFP) type, and awafer-level stack package (WSP) type.

The memory device 100 may store data therein. In detail, the memorydevice 100 may include a plurality of memory blocks. Each of theplurality of memory blocks ray include a plurality of pages. In otherwords, each memory block may include a plurality of pages. Here, eachpage may be the unit on which a program (e.g., write) operation ofstoring data is performed. Furthermore, each page may be the unit onwhich a read operation of reading the stored data is performed. Stillfurther, each memory block may be the unit on which an erase operationof erasing the stored data is performed. Each of the plurality of pagesmay include a plurality of memory cells. Data independent from eachother may be respectively stored in the plurality of memory cells. Datamay be a value of at least one bit unit. Data may represent variouskinds of information such as a character, a numeral, a sign, an image,audio, etc.

The memory device 100 may be operated under control of the memorycontroller 200. If a command is received from the memory controller 200,the memory device 100 may perform an operation corresponding to thecommand. Here, the command may be any one of a program command, a readcommand, and an erase command.

In an embodiment, the memory device 100 may be implemented as a NANDflash memory, a vertical NAND flash memory, a NOR flash memory, a staticrandom access memory (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a synchronous dynamicRAM (SDRAM), a double data rate (DDR) SDRAM, a low power DDR (LPDDR)SDRAM, a graphics DRAM (GDRAM), a Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), a Ferro electricRAM (FeRAM), a magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), a phase change memory(PCRAM), a spin transfer torque magnetoresistive RAM (SST-MRAM), aresistive RAM (ReRAM), etc. In this specification, for the sake ofexplanation, it is assumed that the memory device 100 is a NAND flashmemory.

The memory controller 200 may control the overall operation of thememory system 1000.

When power is applied to the memory system 1000, the memory controller200 may execute instructions, e.g., firmware (FW). The firmware mayinclude a host interface layer (HIL) configured to control communicationwith the host 300, a flash translation layer (FTL) configured to controlcommunication between the host 300 and the memory device 100, and aflash interface layer (FIL) configured to control communication with thememory device 100. The memory controller 200 may be disposed outside thememory device 100. The memory controller 200 may be coupled with thememory device 100 through a channel.

The memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100. In anembodiment, the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100in response to a request received from the host 300. In an embodiment,the memory controller 200 may independently control the memory device100 regardless a request from the host 300.

The memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 to performone of a program operation, a read operation, and an erase operation.

In the case of the program operation, the memory controller 200 mayprovide a program command, an address, and data to the memory device100. In response to this, the memory device 100 may store the data in apage selected by the address.

In the case of the read operation, the memory controller 200 may providea read command and an address to the memory device 100. In response tothis, the memory device 100 may provide the data stored in the pageselected by the address to the memory controller 200 or the host 300.

In the case of the erase operation, the memory controller 200 mayprovide an erase command and an address to the memory device 100. Inresponse to this, the memory device 100 may erase the data stored in amemory block selected by the address.

The host 300 may control the memory system 1000. For example, the host300 may provide, to the memory system 1000, data and a command forinstructing to store the data. In response to this, the memory system1000 may store the data in the memory device 100. For instance, the host300 may provide a command for requesting the stored data, to the memorysystem 1000. In response to this, the memory system 1000 may provide thedata stored in the memory device 100 to the host 300. In anotherinstance, the host 300 may provide a command for erasing the stored datato the memory system 1000. In response to this, the memory system 1000may erase the data stored in the memory device 100.

The host 300 may communicate with the memory system 1000 using at leastone of various communication standards or interfaces such as a universalserial bus (USB), a serial AT attachment (SATA), a serial attached SCSI(SAS), a high speed intership (HSIC), a small computer system interface(SCSI), a peripheral component interconnection (PCI), a PCI express(PCIe), a nonvolatile memory express (NVMe), a universal flash storage(UFS), a secure digital (SD), a multimedia card (MMC), an embedded MMC(eMMC), a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a registered DIMM (RDIMM),and a load reduced DIMM (LRDIMM).

The host 300 may be one of various electronic devices such as a cellularphone, a smartphone, an MP3 player, a laptop computer, a desktopcomputer, a game machine, a television (TV), a tablet PC, an in-vehicleinfotainment system, and a wearable device. The memory system 1000 maybe implemented as a separate device independent from the host 300, ormay be implemented in the form of being embedded in the host 300.

Data stored in a memory block of the memory device 100 may deterioratedue to various causes such as time retention, read disturb, and atemperature increase. In other words, a threshold voltage of a memorycell that represents the data may undesirably vary, so that thereliability of the stored data may be reduced. With technologydevelopment, the number of memory cells included in each memory blockhas increased. Hence, there are difficulties in inspecting the degreewith which data of all memory cells included in each memory block hasdeteriorated, e.g., in terms of restriction of resources, a reduction inspeed, an increase in power consumption, etc.

The memory controller 200 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure may control the memory device 100 to store (e.g.,move) data stored in a memory block, in another memory block beforedeterioration progresses to a point where the data cannot be normallyread from the existing memory block.

Accordingly, the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100to apply a plurality of scan voltages to any one page of a plurality ofpages. Here, each of the plurality of scan voltages may be a voltage fordefining at least one voltage range. For example, a plurality of scanvoltages may include first and second scan voltages. Here, the firstscan voltage may be a maximum value in a first voltage range, and thesecond scan voltage may be a minimum value in the second voltage range.The any one page that is a target to which the scan voltages are appliedmay be a random page or a predetermined page from among a plurality ofpages included in the memory block.

The memory controller 200 may obtain, based on sensed data obtained byreading any one page with a plurality of scan voltages, the number ofmemory cells that have threshold voltages included in at least onevoltage range defined by the plurality of scan voltages, from among aplurality of memory cells included in the any one page. Here, the senseddata may be data that indicates the number of memory cells havingthreshold voltages lower than a scan voltage. At least one voltage rangemay be one range or two or more ranges. For example, at least onevoltage range may include a first voltage range and a second voltagerange.

The memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 to store(e.g., move) data stored in a memory block in which any one page isincluded, in another memory block based on the number of memory cells.For example, in the case where the number of memory cells is greaterthan a preset reference value, the memory controller 200 may control thememory device 100 to store data stored in the memory block in which anyone page is included, in another memory block.

In accordance with the present disclosure, there may be provided thememory system 1000 capable of rapidly and accurately determining adeterioration state of a memory block to maintain the reliability ofdata, and a method of operating the memory system 1000. As describedabove, any one page included in one memory block may be scanned as arepresentative of other pages included in the corresponding memoryblock. The reason for this is because of the fact that after a programoperation is performed on each of a plurality of memory cells includedin one memory block, the threshold voltages of the plurality of memorycells vary in a similar direction and at similar speed. Hence, anoperation of scanning some pages rather than all pages makes it possibleto estimate a deterioration state of a corresponding memory block, sothat the efficiency and accuracy of the scan may be enhanced.Hereinafter, more detailed description will be made with reference tothe attached drawings.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the structure of the memory device 100in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, the memory device 100 includes a memory cell array110, a voltage generator 120, an address decoder 130, an input/outputcircuit 140, and a control logic 150.

The memory cell array 110 may include a plurality of memory blocks BLK1to BLKi. The plurality of memory blocks BLK1 to BLKi may be coupled tothe address decoder 130 through row lines RL. The plurality of memoryblocks BLK1 to BLKi may be coupled to the input/output circuit 140through column lines CL. In an embodiment, the row lines RL may includeword lines, source select lines, and drain select lines. In anembodiment, the column lines CL may include bit lines.

Each of the memory blocks BLK1 to BLKi may include a plurality of memorycells.

Data may be stored in each of the plurality of memory cells. Forexample, the plurality of memory cells may store different numbers ofbits of data depending on types such as a single level cell (SLC)capable of storing a single bit, a multiple level cell (MLC) capable ofstoring two bits, a triple level cell (TLC) capable of storing threebits, or a quad level cell (QLC) capable of storing four bits. Here,memory cells coupled to an identical word line among the plurality ofmemory cells may be referred to as one page.

In an embodiment, each of the plurality of memory cells may be anonvolatile memory cell. For example, each of the plurality of memorycells may include a floating gate capable of accumulating charges. Eachof the plurality of memory cells may represent a specific value of datadepending on the amount of charges accumulated in the floating gate.

In an embodiment, the voltage generator 120, the address decoder 130,and the input/output circuit 140 may be collectively called a peripheralcircuit. The peripheral circuit may drive the memory cell array 110under control of the control logic 150. The peripheral circuit may drivethe memory cell array 110 to perform a program operation, a readoperation, or an erase operation.

The voltage generator 120 may generate a plurality of operating voltagesusing an external supply voltage supplied to the memory device 100. Thevoltage generator 120 may be operated under control of the control logic150.

In an embodiment, the voltage generator 120 may generate an internalsupply voltage by regulating the external supply voltage. The internalsupply voltage generated from the voltage generator 120 may be used asan operating voltage of the memory device 100.

In an embodiment, the voltage generator 120 may generate a plurality ofoperating voltages using an external supply voltage or an internalsupply voltage. The voltage generator 120 may generate various voltagesfor the memory device 100. For example, the voltage generator 120 maygenerate a plurality of erase voltages, a plurality of program voltages,a plurality of pass voltages, a plurality of select read voltages, and aplurality of unselect read voltages. To this end, the voltage generator120 may include a plurality of pumping capacitors configured to receivean internal supply voltage. The voltage generator 120 may selectivelyenable the plurality of pumping capacitors under control of the controllogic 150 to generate a plurality of operating voltages.

The operating voltages generated in the voltage generator 120 may besupplied to the memory cell array 110 by the address decoder 130.

The address decoder 130 may be coupled to the cell array 110 through therow lines RL. The address decoder 130 may be configured to operate undercontrol of the control logic 150. The address decoder 130 may receive anaddress ADDR from the control logic 150. The address decoder 130 maydecode a block address among the received addresses ADDR. The addressdecoder 130 may select at least one of the memory blocks BLK1 to BLKiaccording to the decoded block address. The address decoder 130 maydecode a row address among the received addresses ADDR. The addressdecoder 130 may select at least one of the word lines of the selectedmemory block according to the decoded row address. In an embodiment, theaddress decoder 130 may decode a column address of the receivedaddresses ADDR. The address decoder 130 may couple the input/outputcircuit 140 and the memory cell array 110 according to the decodedcolumn address.

For example, the address decoder 130 may include components such as arow decoder, a column decoder, and an address buffer.

The input/output circuit 140 may include a plurality of page buffers.The plurality of page buffers may be coupled to the memory cell array110 through the bit lines. During a program operation, data stored inthe plurality of page buffers may be provided to a selected page throughthe bit lines, and the provided data may be stored in memory cellsincluded in the selected page. During a read operation, data stored inmemory cells in a selected page may be sensed through the bit lines, andthe sensed data may be stored in the page buffers.

The control logic 150 may control the address decoder 130, the voltagegenerator 120, and the input/output circuit 140. The control logic 150may operate in response to a command CMD transmitted from an externaldevice. The control logic 150 may generate control signals in responseto the command CMD and the address ADDR, and control the peripheralcircuits.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the structure of a memory block inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 3, the memory block BLKi may include a plurality ofstrings coupled between the bit lines BL1 to BLn and the source line SL.Description of the memory block BLKi may be applied to each of theplurality of memory blocks BLK1 to BLKi.

The plurality of strings may be respectively coupled to the bit linesBL1 to BLn. The plurality of strings may be coupled in common to thesource line SL. The plurality of strings may have the sameconfiguration, so that the string ST that is coupled to the first bitline BL1 will be described in detail by way of example. Description ofthe string ST may be equally applied to the other strings.

The string ST may include a source select transistor SST, a plurality ofmemory cells MC1 to MC16, and a drain select transistor DST which arecoupled in series to each other between the source line SL and the firstbit line BL1.

The plurality of memory cells MC1 to MC16 may be coupled in seriesbetween the source select transistor SST and the drain select transistorDST. Gates of the plurality of memory cells MC1 to MC16 may berespectively coupled to the plurality of word lines WL1 to WL16. Thenumber of memory cells MC1 to MC16 included in each string ST may begreater or less than the number illustrated in the drawings.

A drain of the drain select transistor DST may be coupled to the firstbit line BL1. A gate of the drain select transistor DST may be coupledto the drain select line DSL. A source of the source select transistorSST may be coupled to the source line SL. A gate of the source selecttransistor SST may be coupled to the source select line SSL. The numbersof source select transistors SST and drain select transistors DSTincluded in each string ST each may be 1 or more.

The plurality of word lines WL1 to WL16, the source select line SSL, andthe drain select line DSL may be arranged in parallel to each other. Theplurality of word lines WL1 to WL16, the source select line SSL, and thedrain select line DSL may be arranged in a direction perpendicular to adirection in which the string ST is arranged.

The memory block BLKi may include a plurality of pages. The page mayindicate a group of memory cells coupled to an identical word line. Inthis case, the memory block BLKi may include pages the number of whichare identical with the number of word lines WL1 to WL16. The pluralityof pages may have the same configuration, so that the page PG that iscoupled to the third word line WL3 will be described in detail by way ofexample. Description of the page PG may be equally applied to the otherpages.

The page PG may include memory cells coupled to the third word line WL3among a plurality of memory cells included in the memory block BLKi.Each of the memory cells included in the page PG may be memory cellsincluded in respective different strings.

In the case of the program operation, as the memory device 100 applies aprogram voltage to the page PG, data may be stored in the page PG. Indetail, the memory device 100 may apply the program voltage to the thirdword line WL3. In this case, the program voltage applied to the thirdword line WL3 may be transmitted to the gate of each of the memory cellsincluded in the page PG coupled to the third word line WL3. If theprogram voltage is applied to the gate of each of the memory cellsincluded in the page PG, charges may be injected into the floating gateof each of the memory cells included in the page PG through a tunnelingphenomenon. The threshold voltage of the memory cell may vary dependingon the amount of charges accumulated in the floating gate. Here, thethreshold voltage may indicate a voltage to be applied to the gate whena channel is formed so that current can flow between the source and thedrain of the memory cell.

Here, the program operation may use an incremental step pulse program(ISPP) scheme. The ISPP scheme may include a plurality of program loops.Each of the plurality of program loops may include a program (PGM) pulseoperation of applying a program voltage having a predetermined level tothe word line, and a verify operation of determining whether thecorresponding program loop has passed or failed, by applying a verifyvoltage having a predetermined level to the word line.

In the case of the read operation, as the memory device 100 applies aread voltage to the page PG, the data stored in the page PG may beoutput. In detail, the memory device 100 may apply the read voltage tothe third word line WL3. In this case, the read voltage applied to thethird word line WL3 may be transmitted to the gate of each of the memorycells included in the page PG coupled to the third word line WL3. In anyone memory cell included in the page PG, if the read voltage applied tothe gate is greater than the threshold voltage of the correspondingmemory cell, current may flow through the bit line coupled with thememory cell. If the read voltage applied to the gate is less than thethreshold voltage of the corresponding memory cell, current may not flowthrough the bit line coupled with the corresponding memory cell. Bysensing whether current flows through the bit lines to which the memorycells are respectively coupled, data which may be recognized dependingon the level of the read voltage and a sensing result, may be output.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for describing threshold voltages of memory cells inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 4, the memory device 100 in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of memorycells. Each of the plurality of memory cells may have one programmedstate of a plurality of programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3 which areseparated from each other by threshold voltages.

Here, each of the plurality of programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3 mayindicate specific data. For example, the plurality of programmed statesE0, P1, P2, and P3 may include an erased state E0, a first programmedstate P1, a second programmed state P2, and a third programmed state P3,according to the multiple level cell type. The erased state E0, thefirst programmed state P1, the second programmed state P2, and the thirdprogrammed state P3, each may indicate one of data such as 00, 01, 10,and 11. The erased state E0, the first programmed state P1, the secondprogrammed state P2, and the third programmed state P3, each may be readthrough at least one read voltage of a plurality of default readvoltages R1, R2, and R3.

To this end, the memory device 100 may change the threshold voltage ofthe memory cell in response to a control command (e.g., an erase commandor a program command) of the memory controller 200. Here, the thresholdvoltage of the memory cell may vary depending on the amount of chargesaccumulated in the floating gate of the memory cell. For example, thememory device 100 may change the threshold voltage of the memory cellthrough an erase operation, and change the threshold voltage of thememory cell to one of the first programmed state P1, the secondprogrammed state P2, and the third programmed state P3, through aprogram operation.

However, this is only an embodiment, and the plurality of programmedstates E0, P1, P2, and P3 and the plurality of default read voltages R1,R2, and R3 may include various numbers of programmed states and variousnumbers of default read voltages, depending on the cell type such as asingle level cell, a triple level cell, and a quad level cell.Hereinafter, for the sake of explanation, it is assumed that theplurality of programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3 according to thepresent disclosure include programmed states according to the multiplelevel cell type.

In detail, when a program command is received from the memory controller200, the memory device 100 may program a plurality of memory cells toany one programmed state of the plurality of programmed states E0, P1,P2, and P3, such that the numbers of memory cells included the pluralityof programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3 correspond to each other. Here,the words “the numbers of memory cells correspond to each other” mayrefer to that the numbers of memory cells are substantially identicalwith each other within an error range.

For example, it is assumed that each page includes 100 memory cells. Inthe corresponding page, the erased state E0, the first programmed stateP1, the second programmed state P2, and the third program state P3, eachmay include 25 memory cells.

Data stored in a memory block of the memory device 100 may deterioratedue to various causes such as time retention, read disturb, and atemperature increase. In other words, the threshold voltage of thememory cell may be changed. For example, the memory cells of the erasedstate E0 may be changed in threshold voltage distribution depending on adegree to which the memory cells deteriorate, as shown by a first stateE0-1 or a second state E0-2. As the threshold voltage distribution ofthe memory cells of the erased state E0 is changed, a threshold voltagedistribution of memory cells of each of the first programmed state P1,the second programmed state P2, and the third programmed state P3, maybe simultaneously changed.

The memory controller 200 in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure may control the memory device 100 to store (e.g.,move) data, stored in a memory block, in another memory block beforedeterioration progresses to a point where the data cannot be normallyread. Referring again to FIG. 1, this will be described in detail.

The memory controller 200 may include a scan voltage controller 210, acounter 220, and a data manager 230.

The scan voltage controller 210 may control the memory device 100 toapply a plurality of scan voltages to any one page of a plurality ofpages. In the following operation, any one page may refer to a page towhich a plurality of scan voltages have been applied.

Here, the plurality of scan voltages may have voltage values havingdifferent levels. Each of the plurality of scan voltages may correspondto a voltage range. The voltage range will be described in detail withreference to FIG. 5.

The counter 220 may obtain, based on sensed data obtained by reading anyone page with a plurality of scan voltages, the number of memory cellsthat have threshold voltages included in at least one voltage rangedefined by the plurality of scan voltages, from among a plurality ofmemory cells included in the any one page. Here, the sensed data mayinclude information indicating the number of memory cells havingthreshold voltages lower than each scan voltage. A method of obtainingthe number of memory cells will be described in detail with reference toFIGS. 7 and 8A to 8C.

The memory manager 230 may control the memory device 100 to store datastored in a memory block in which any one page is included, in anothermemory block based on the number of memory cells.

In an embodiment, when the number of memory cells is a reference valueor more, the memory manager 230 may control the memory device 100 tostore data stored in a memory block in which any one page is included,in another memory block. In other words, the data manager 230 maytransmit, to the memory device 100, a command for controlling the memorydevice 100 to store data stored in a memory block in which any one pageis included, in another memory block. Here, the term “another memoryblock” may refer to another memory block of the same memory device 100or a memory block of another memory device.

Alternatively, when the number of memory cells is less than thereference value, the memory manager 230 may control the memory device100 to maintain data stored in a memory block in which any one page isincluded. In other words, the data manager 230 may end a scan operationof detecting deterioration of a memory block. Here, the reference valuemay be a threshold value of an error correction code (ECC). Thethreshold value may be the number of memory cells capable of beingcorrected by the ECC.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, at least onevoltage range may include two or more scan voltages. Hereinafter,detailed description will be made with reference to FIG. 5.

FIG. 5 is a diagram for describing a voltage range in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 5, at least one voltage range may be defined by aplurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3. The plurality of scanvoltages V1, V2, and V3 have voltage levels corresponding tointer-program states.

Here, the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 may correspond toany one of a maximum value and a minimum value of the at least onevoltage range. Each of the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 maybe a voltage having a level different from that of a default readvoltage R1, R2, or R3 for reading data stored in the memory cell.

In an embodiment, at least one voltage range may include one voltagerange S defined by the first scan voltage V1 and the second scan voltageV2. In other words, the voltage range S may be defined by the maximumvalue corresponding to the first scan voltage V1 and the minimum valuecorresponding to the second scan voltage V2.

In this case, the plurality of scan voltages V1 and V2 may include thefirst scan voltage V1 and the second scan voltage V2 having a voltagevalue less than the first scan voltage V1. Here, the voltage range S mayinclude boundary values (e.g., the maximum value and the minimum value)of the voltage range S.

In an embodiment, at least one voltage range may include a first voltagerange A and a second voltage range B. Here, the first scan voltage V1may correspond to a maximum value of the first voltage range A. Thethird scan voltage V3 may correspond to a minimum value of the firstvoltage range A and a maximum value of the second voltage range B. Thesecond scan voltage V2 may correspond to a minimum value of the secondvoltage range B. In other words, the first voltage range A maycorrespond to a range between the maximum value corresponding to thefirst scan voltage V1 and the minimum value corresponding to the thirdscan voltage V3. The second voltage range B may correspond to a rangebetween the maximum value corresponding to the third scan voltage V3 andthe minimum value corresponding to the second scan voltage V2. In otherwords, the first voltage range A and the second voltage range B may beranges or sections successive to each other, with the third scan voltageV3 as a boundary therebetween.

In this case, the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 may includethe first scan voltage V1, the second scan voltage V2, and the thirdscan voltage V3. Here, with regard to the level of the voltage value,the first scan voltage V1 is highest, the third scan voltage V3 issecond highest, and the second scan voltage V2 is lowest. Here, thefirst voltage range A may include boundary values (e.g., the maximumvalue and the minimum value) of the first voltage range A. Here, thesecond voltage range B may include boundary values (e.g., the maximumvalue and the minimum value) of the second voltage range B.

Although not shown in FIG. 5, in an embodiment, the voltage rangesdefined by a plurality of scan voltages may be ranges or sectionsseparated from each other. For example, the first voltage range maycorrespond to a range between a maximum value corresponding to a firstscan voltage and a minimum value corresponding to a second scan voltage.The second voltage range may correspond to a range between a maximum tovalue corresponding to a third scan voltage and a minimum valuecorresponding to a fourth scan voltage. Here, with regard to the levelof a voltage value, the first scan voltage is highest, and it may bereduced in a sequence of the second scan voltage, the third scanvoltage, and the fourth scan voltage

Hereinafter, unless particular description is made, description will bemade on the assumption that at least one voltage range according to thepresent disclosure includes the first voltage range A and the secondvoltage range B.

FIG. 6 is a diagram for describing the voltage range of FIG. 5.

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, at least one voltage range A or B may beincluded in a range between a maximum value E0_max of initial thresholdvoltages of erased cells included in any one page and a voltage value ofa smallest default read voltage R1 of at least one preset default readvoltage R1, R2, and R3 of the memory device 100.

Here, the erased cells may refer to memory cells that enter the erasedstate E0 when an erase operation is performed on a plurality of memorycells included in a memory block. The initial threshold voltages of theerased cells may refer to threshold voltages of the erased cells whenthe erase operation is performed. In other words, the initial thresholdvoltages may refer to threshold voltages of the erased cells that arebefore the threshold voltages thereof are changed. The maximum valueE0_max of the initial threshold voltages of the erased cells may be apreset value or an estimated value. For example, the maximum valueE0_max of the initial threshold voltages of the erased cells may be avalue which is 300 mv less than a voltage value of the smallest defaultread voltage R1.

Furthermore, at least one preset default read voltage of the memorydevice 100 may be set in number and level to different values, dependingon a data storage method according to a memory cell type such as asingle level cell, a multiple level cell, a triple level cell, and aquad level cell. For example, in the case of an SLC, the at least onedefault read voltage may include a first default read voltage R1. Forexample, in the case of an MLC, the at least one default read voltagemay include a first default read voltage R1, a second default readvoltage R2, and a third default read voltage R3. In this case, the firstdefault read voltage R1 may have a smallest voltage value.

As such, the range between the maximum value E0_max of the initialthreshold voltages of the erased cells having the erased state E0 andthe voltage value of the smallest default read voltage R1 may include atleast one voltage range A, B. In other words, each of the plurality ofscan voltages V1, V2, and V3 may have a level between the maximum valueE0_max of the initial threshold voltages of the erased cells having theerased state E0, and the voltage value of the smallest default readvoltage R1.

In an embodiment, if it is assumed that the maximum value E0_max of theinitial threshold voltages of the erased cells having the erased stateE0 and the voltage value of the smallest default read voltage R1 arerespectively 0% and 100%, the first scan voltage V1 may be relativelyset to a voltage value having a 75% level, and the second scan voltageV2 may be relatively set to a voltage value having a 25% level. Thethird scan voltage V3 may be set to a voltage value having a 50% levelcorresponding to a median or average of the first scan voltage V1 andthe second scan voltage V2. However, this is only an embodiment, and avoltage value of each of the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3may be changed in various ways.

In an embodiment, the at least one voltage range A, B may be included ina range between the maximum value E0_max of the initial thresholdvoltages of the erased cells having the erased state E0 and a minimumvalue P1_min of the initial threshold voltages of memory cells havingthe first programmed state P1. In other words, each of the plurality ofscan voltages V1, V2, and V3 may have a level between the maximum valueE0_max of the initial threshold voltages of the erased cells having theerased state E0 and the minimum value P1_min of the initial thresholdvoltages of the memory cells having the first programmed state P1.

FIG. 7 is a diagram for describing the number of memory cells in thevoltage range in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure,

Referring to FIG. 7, the memory cells having the erased state E0 may bechanged in threshold voltage distribution, as shown by a second stateE0-2. Here, the at least one voltage range A, B may include a firstvoltage range A and a second voltage range B. The first voltage range Aand the second voltage range B may be ranges for sensing changes inthreshold voltages of erased cells. A plurality of scan voltages V1, V2,and V3 may include a first scan voltage V1 corresponding to a maximumvalue of the first voltage range A, a second scan voltage V2corresponding to a minimum value of the second voltage range B, and athird scan voltage V3 corresponding to a minimum value of the firstvoltage range A and a maximum value of the second voltage range B.

In this case, the data manager 230 may control the memory device 100 tostore data stored in a memory block in another memory block, based onthe number a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 of second memorycells. Here, the number a1 of first memory cells may refer to the numberof memory cells the threshold voltages of which are included in thefirst voltage range A. The number b1 of second memory cells may refer tothe number of memory cells the threshold voltages of which are includedin the second voltage range B.

Here, if the number a1 of first memory cells is a first reference numberor more, the data manager 230 may control the memory device 100 to storethe data stored in the memory block in another memory block. Here, thefirst reference number may be a threshold value of an ECC.

Here, if the number a1 of first memory cells is less than the firstreference number and the number b1 of second memory cells is a secondreference number or more, the data manager 230 may control the memorydevice 100 to store data stored in the memory block in another memoryblock. The second reference number may be a value greater than the firstreference number. For example, the second reference number may be set tovarious values, e.g., a value two or three times the first referencenumber or the threshold value of the ECC.

Here, if the number a1 of first memory cells is less than the firstreference number, and the number b1 of second memory cells is less thanthe second reference number, the data manager 230 may control the memorydevice 100 to maintain data stored in a memory block in which any onepage is included. In other words, the data manager 230 may end a scanoperation of detecting deterioration of a memory block.

In an embodiment, if a ratio of the number a1 of first memory cells andthe number b1 of second memory cells is a reference ratio or more, thedata manager 230 may control the memory device 100 to store the datastored in the memory block in another memory block. Here, the ratio ofthe number a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 of second memorycells, may be a value obtained by dividing the number bi of secondmemory cells by the number a1 of first memory cells. The reference ratiomay be set to various values such as 2 or 3.

In an embodiment, if the ratio of the number of first memory cells andthe number of second memory cells is a reference ratio or more, the datamanager 230 may control the scan voltage controller 210 to apply a testread voltage to each of a plurality of pages included in the memoryblock. A test read voltage may he a voltage for reading the number ofmemory cells each having an abnormal threshold voltage, a thresholdvoltage variation of which is out of a reference range. In other words,the memory device 100 may apply a test read voltage to all word linescoupled to one memory block, and output, to the memory controller 200,sensed data indicating the number of memory cells each having anabnormal threshold voltage.

The data manager 230 may obtain, by the counter 220, the number ofmemory cells each having an abnormal threshold voltage among a pluralityof memory cells included in each of a plurality of pages, based on thesensed data received from the memory device 100. Here, if the number ofmemory cells each having an abnormal threshold voltage is a thirdreference number or more, the data manager 230 may control the memorydevice 100 to store the data stored in the memory block in anothermemory block. Here, the third reference number may be set to a valuewhich is proportional to the number of pages included in the memoryblock and the threshold value of the ECC.

FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams for describing a method of counting thenumber of memory cells in a voltage range in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 8A to 8C, at least one voltage range A, B may includea first voltage range A and a second voltage range B.

In this case, the counter 220 may obtain, from among a plurality ofmemory cells included in any one page, the number a1 of first memorycells having threshold voltages included in the first voltage range A,and the number b1 of second memory cells having threshold voltagesincluded in the second voltage range B.

In an embodiment, the counter 220 may obtain the number a1 of firstmemory cells by subtracting the number of memory cells each having athreshold voltage lower than the third scan voltage V3 from the numberof memory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the firstscan voltage V1.

Referring to FIG. 8A, the memory device 100 may apply the first scanvoltage V1 to a word line coupled with a corresponding page. The memorydevice 100 may apply the first scan voltage V1 to the word line so thatmemory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the first scanvoltage VI may be turned on (see FIG. 8A shaded area ON). The memorydevice 100 may output first sensed data indicating the number c1 ofturned-on memory cells to the memory controller 200.

Referring to FIG. 8C, the memory device 100 may apply the third scanvoltage V3 to a word line coupled with a corresponding page. The memorydevice 100 may apply the third scan voltage V3 to the word line so thatmemory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the third scanvoltage V3 may be turned on (compare FIG. 8C shaded area ON versusnon-shaded area OFF). The memory device 100 may output third sensed dataindicating the number c3 of turned-on memory cells to the memorycontroller 200.

In this case, the counter 220 may obtain the number a1 of first memorycells by subtracting the number c3 of turned-on memory cells each havinga threshold voltage lower than the third scan voltage V3 from the numberc1 of turned-on memory cells each having a threshold voltage lower thanthe first scan voltage V1, based on the first sensed data and the thirdsensed data that are output from the memory device 100.

In an embodiment, the counter 220 may obtain the number b1 of secondmemory cells by subtracting the number of memory cells each having athreshold voltage lower than the second scan voltage V2, from the numberof memory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the thirdscan voltage V3.

Referring to FIG. 8C, the memory device 100 may apply the third scanvoltage V3 to a word line coupled with a corresponding page. The memorydevice 100 may apply the third scan voltage V3 to the word line so thatmemory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the third scanvoltage V3 may be turned on. The memory device 100 may output thirdsensed data indicating the number c3 of turned-on memory cells to thememory controller 200.

Referring to FIG. 8B, the memory device 100 may apply the second scanvoltage V2 to a word line coupled with a corresponding page. The memorydevice 100 may apply the second scan voltage V2 to the word line so thatmemory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the second scanvoltage V2 may be turned on (compare FIG. 8B shaded area ON versusnon-shaded area OFF). The memory device 100 may output second senseddata indicating the number c2 of turned-on memory cells to the memorycontroller 200.

In this case, the counter 220 may obtain the number b1 of second memorycells by subtracting the number c2 of turned-on memory cells each havinga threshold voltage lower than the second scan voltage V2 from thenumber c3 of turned-on memory cells each having a threshold voltagelower than the third scan voltage V3, based on the third sensed data andthe second sensed data that are output from the memory device 100.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating the memorycontroller 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 9, the method of operating the memory controller 200may include operation S910 of controlling the memory device 100 to applya plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 to any one page of aplurality of pages, operation S920 of obtaining the number of memorycells each having a threshold voltage included in at least one voltagerange A, B defined by the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3,from among a plurality of memory cells included in any one page, basedon sensed data obtained by reading the any one page with the pluralityof scan voltages V1, V2, and V3, and operation S930 of controlling thememory device 100 to store data stored in a memory block including theany one page in another memory block, based on the number of memorycells.

In detail, the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100to apply a plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 to any one page ofa plurality of pages (at operation S910).

In an embodiment, the at least one voltage range A, B may include afirst voltage range A and a second voltage range B.

In an embodiment, a plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 mayinclude a first scan voltage V1 corresponding to a maximum value of thefirst voltage range A, a second scan voltage V2 corresponding to aminimum value of the second voltage range B, and a third scan voltage V3corresponding to a minimum value of the first voltage range A and amaximum value of the second voltage range B. In other words, the firstvoltage range A and the second voltage range B may be successive ranges,with the third scan voltage V3 as a boundary therebetween. Here, thelevels of voltage values may be reduced in a sequence from the firstscan voltage V1, the third scan voltage V3, and the second scan voltageV2.

In an embodiment, a plurality of pages each may include a plurality ofmemory cells. The plurality of memory cells may be programmed to any oneprogrammed state of a plurality of programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3so that the plurality of programmed states E0, P1, P2, and P3 separatedfrom each other by threshold voltages each may include a correspondingnumber of memory cells.

Based on sensed data obtained by reading any one page with the pluralityof scan voltages V1, V2, and V3, the number of memory cells each havinga threshold voltage included in at least one voltage range A, B definedby the plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3, from among a pluralityof memory cells included in the any one page, may be obtained (atoperation S920).

In an embodiment, at least one voltage range A or B may be included in arange between a maximum value E0_max of initial threshold voltages oferased cells included in any one page and a voltage value of a smallestdefault read voltage R1 of at least one preset default read voltage ofthe memory device 100.

Based on the number of memory cells, the memory device 100 may becontrolled to store data stored in a memory block in which the any onepage is included, in another memory block (at operation S930).

Thereafter, the memory controller 200 may periodically perform theoperation beginning from the foregoing operation S910.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating the memorycontroller 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 10, the memory controller 200 may control the memorydevice 100 to apply a plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 to anyone page of a plurality of pages of the memory device 100 (at operationS1010).

The memory controller 200 may obtain, among a plurality of memory cellsincluded in any one page of the memory device 100, the number a1 offirst memory cells each having a threshold voltage included in the firstvoltage range A, and the number b1 of second memory cells each having athreshold voltage included in the second voltage range B (at operationS1020).

In an embodiment, the memory controller 200 may obtain the number a1 offirst memory cells by subtracting the number of memory cells each havinga threshold voltage lower than the third scan voltage V3 from the numberof memory cells each having a threshold voltage lower than the firstscan voltage V1. The memory controller 200 may obtain the number bi ofsecond memory cells by subtracting the number of memory cells eachhaving a threshold voltage lower than the second scan voltage V2 fromthe number of memory cells each having a threshold voltage lower thanthe third scan voltage V3.

The memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 to storedata stored in a memory block in another memory block, based on thenumber a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 of second memorycells. Here, the number a1 of first memory cells may refer to the numberof memory cells the threshold voltages of which are included in thefirst voltage range A. The number b1 of second memory cells may refer tothe number of memory cells the threshold voltages of which are includedin the second voltage range B.

In detail, the memory controller 200 may determine whether the number a1of first memory cells is a first reference number or more (at operationS1030). If the number a1 of first memory cells is the first referencenumber or more (‘Yes’ at operation S1030), the memory controller 200 maycontrol the memory device 100 to store data stored in a memory block inanother memory block (at operation S1050). Here, the first referencenumber may be a threshold value of an ECC.

If the number a1 of first memory cells is less than the first referencenumber (‘No’ at operation S1030), the memory controller 200 maydetermine whether the number of b1 of second memory cells is a secondreference number or more (at operation S1040). Here, the secondreference number may be a value greater than the first reference number.For example, the second reference number may have various values, e.g, avalue two or three times the first reference number.

Here, if the number a1 of first memory cells is less than the firstreference number (‘No’ at operation S1030) and the number b1 of secondmemory cells is a second reference number or more (‘Yes’ at operationS1040), the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 tostore data stored in the memory block in another memory block (atoperation S1050).

If the number a1 of first memory cells is less than the first referencenumber (‘No’ at operation S1030) and the number b1 of second memorycells is less than the second reference number (‘No’ at operationS1040), the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 tomaintain data stored in a memory block in which any one page isincluded. In other words, the memory controller 200 may end a scanoperation of detecting deterioration of a memory block.

Thereafter, the memory controller 200 may periodically iterate theoperation beginning from the foregoing operation S1010.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart for describing a method of operating the memorycontroller 200 in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 11, the memory controller 200 may control the memorydevice 100 to apply a plurality of scan voltages V1, V2, and V3 to anyone page of a plurality of pages of the memory device 100 (at operationS1110).

The memory controller 200 may obtain, among a plurality of memory cellsincluded in any one page of the memory device 100, the number a1 offirst memory cells each having a threshold voltage included in the firstvoltage range A, and the number b1 of second memory cells each having athreshold voltage included in the second voltage range B (at operationS1120).

In detail, the memory controller 200 may determine whether a ratio ofthe number a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 of second memorycells is a reference ratio or more (at operation S1130). Here, the ratioof the number a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 of secondmemory cells may be a value obtained by dividing the number b1 of secondmemory cells by the number a1 of first memory cells. The reference ratiomay have various values such as 2 or 3.

If the ratio of the number a1 of first memory cells and the number b1 ofsecond memory cells is less than the reference ratio (‘No’ at operationS1130), the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 tomaintain data stored in a memory block in which any one page isincluded. In other words, the memory controller 200 may end a scanoperation of detecting deterioration of a memory block.

In an embodiment, if the ratio of the number a1 of first memory cellsand the number b1 of second memory cells is the reference ratio or more(‘Yes’ at operation S1130), the memory controller 200 may control thememory device 100 to store the data stored in the memory block inanother memory block.

In an embodiment, if the ratio of the number a1 of first memory cellsand the number b1 of second memory cells is the reference ratio or more(‘Yes’ at operation S1130), the memory controller 200 may control thememory device 100 to apply a test read voltage to each of a plurality ofpages included in the memory block (operation S1140). The memorycontroller 200 may obtain the number of memory cells each having anabnormal threshold voltage, from among a plurality of memory cellsincluded in each of the plurality of pages.

The memory controller 200 nay determine whether the number of memorycells each having an abnormal threshold voltage is a third referencenumber or more (at operation S1150). Here, the third reference numbermay be set to a value which is proportional to the number of pagesincluded in the memory block and the threshold value of the ECC.

Here, if the number of memory cells each having an abnormal thresholdvoltage is the third reference number or more (‘Yes’ at operationS1150), the memory controller 200 may control the memory device 100 tostore the data stored in the memory block in another memory block (atoperation S1160). In contrast, f the number of memory cells each havingan abnormal threshold voltage is less than the third reference number(‘No’ at operation S1150), the memory controller 200 may control thememory device 100 to maintain the data stored in the memory block inwhich any one page is included. In other words, the memory controller200 may end a scan operation of detecting deterioration of a memoryblock. The embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11 maybe combined with each other.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a memory card 2000 to which thememory system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosureis applied.

Referring to FIG. 12, the memory card 2000 may include a memory device2100, a memory controller 2200, and a connector 2300.

The memory device 2100 may perform a program operation of storing data.In an embodiment, the memory device 2100 may be formed of variousnon-volatile memory devices such as an electrically erasable andprogrammable ROM (EEPROM), a NAND flash memory, a NOR flash memory, aphase-change RAM (PCRAM), a resistive RAM (ReRAM), a ferroelectric RAM(FeRAM), and a spin transfer torque magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM). Thedescription of the memory device 100 explained with reference to FIG. 1or the like may be identically applied to the memory device 2100, andhereinafter redundant description will be omitted.

The memory controller 2200 may access the memory device 100. Forexample, the memory controller 2200 may control a program operation, aread operation, and an erase operation of the memory device 2100. Thememory controller 2200 may provide an interface between the memorydevice 2200 and the host. The memory controller 2200 may drive firmwarefor controlling the memory device 2100. The memory controller 2200 maybe embodied in the same manner as that of the memory controller 200described with reference to FIG. 1.

In an embodiment, the memory controller 2200 may include components suchas a random access memory (RAM), a processing unit, a host interface,and a memory interface, and an ECC circuit.

The memory controller 2200 may communicate with an external devicethrough the connector 2300. The memory controller 2200 may communicatewith an external device (e.g., a host) based on a specific communicationprotocol. In an embodiment, the memory controller 2200 may communicatewith the external device through at least one of various communicationprotocols such as universal serial bus (USB), multimedia card (MMC),embedded MMC (eMMC), peripheral component interconnection (PCI),PCI-express (PCI-E), advanced technology attachment (ATA), serial-ATA(SATA), parallel-ATA (PATA), small computer system interface (SCSI),enhanced small disk interface (ESDI), integrated drive electronics(IDE), Firewire, universal flash storage (UFS), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, andnonvolatile memory express (NVMe) protocols. In an embodiment, theconnector 2300 may be defined by at least one of the above-describedvarious communication protocols.

The memory device 2100 and the memory controller 2200 may be integratedinto a single semiconductor device to form a memory card. For example,the memory device 2100 and the memory controller 2200 may be integratedinto a single semiconductor device to form a memory card such as apersonal computer memory card international association (PCMCIA), acompact flash card (CF), a smart media card (SM or SMC), a memory stick,a multimedia card (MMC, RS-MMC, or MMCmicro), a SD card (SD, miniSD,microSD, or SDHC), or a universal flash storage (UFS).

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating a solid state drive (SSD) system3000 to which the memory system in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure is applied.

Referring to FIG. 13, the SSD system 3000 may include a plurality offlash memories 3100_1 to 3100_n, channels CHI to CHn, an SSD controller3200, an auxiliary power supply 3030, and a buffer memory 3040.

The SSD system 3000 may transmit/receive a signal to/from a host 3300through a signal connector 3010, and receive power through the powerconnector 3020.

Each of the plurality of flash memories 3100_1 to 3100_n may perform aprogram operation of storing data. In an embodiment, each of theplurality of flash memories 3100_1 to 3100_n may be formed of variousnon-volatile memory devices such as an electrically erasable andprogrammable ROM (EEPROM), a NAND flash memory, a NOR flash memory, aphase-change RAM (PCRAM), a resistive RAM (ReRAM), a ferroelectric RAM(FeRAM), and a spin transfer torque magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM). Thedescription of the memory device 100 explained with reference to FIG. 1or the like may be identically applied to each of the plurality of flashmemories 3100_1 to 3100_n, and hereinafter redundant description will beomitted.

The SSD controller 3200 may control the plurality of flash memories3100_1 to 3100_n in response to a signal received from the host 3300.For example, the signal may include signals based on an interfacebetween the host 3300 and the SSD system 3000. For example, the signalmay be signals defined by at least one of various interfaces such asuniversal serial bus (USB), a multimedia card (MMC), an embedded MMC(eMMC), peripheral component interconnection (PCI), PCI-express (PCI-E),advanced technology attachment (ATA), serial-ATA (SATA), parallel-ATA(PATA), a small computer system interface (SCSI), an enhanced small diskinterface (ESDI), integrated drive electronics (IDE), firewire,universal flash storage (UFS), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and nonvolatile memoryexpress (NVMe) interfaces. In an embodiment, the SSD controller 3200 mayperform the function of the memory controller 200, described above withreference to FIG. 1.

The auxiliary power supply 3030 may be coupled with the host 3300through the power connector 3020. The auxiliary power supply 3030 may besupplied with power from the host 3300, and may be charged by the power.The auxiliary power supply 3030 may supply the power of the SSD system3000 when the supply of power from the host 3300 is not smoothlyperformed. For example, the auxiliary power supply 3030 may bepositioned inside the SSD system 3000 or positioned outside the SSDsystem 3000. For instance, the auxiliary power supply 3030 may bedisposed in a main board and may supply auxiliary power to the SSDsystem 3000.

The buffer memory 3040 may be operated as a buffer memory of the SSD3000. For example, the buffer memory 3040 may temporarily store datareceived from the host 3300 or data received from the plurality of flashmemories 3100_1 to 3100_n, or may temporarily store metadata (e.g., amapping table) of the flash memories 3100_1 to 3100_n. The buffer memory3040 may include volatile memories such as a DRAM, an SDRAM, a DDRSDRAM, an LPDDR SDRAM, and a GRAM or nonvolatile memories such as anFeRAM, a ReRAM, an STT-MRAM, and a PCRAM.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating a user system 4000 to which thememory system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosureis applied.

Referring to FIG. 14, the user system 4000 may include an applicationprocessor 4100, a memory module 4200, a network module 4300, a storagemodule 4400, and a user interface 4500.

The application processor 4100 may run components included in the usersystem 4000, an operating system (OS) or a user program. In anembodiment, the application processor 4100 may include controllers,interfaces, graphic engines, etc., for controlling the componentsincluded in the user system 4000. The application processor 4100 may beprovided as a system-on-chip (SoC).

The memory module 4200 may function as a main memory, a working memory,a buffer memory, or a cache memory of the user system 4000. The memorymodule 4200 may include a volatile RAM such as a DRAM, an SDRAM, a DDRSDRAM, a DDR2 SDRAM, a DDR3 SDRAM, an LPDDR SDARM, an LPDDR2 SDRAM, andan LPDDR3 SDRAM, or a nonvolatile RAM such as a PCRAM, a ReRAM, an MRAM,and an FeRAM. In an embodiment, the application processor 4100 and thememory module 4200 may be packaged based on package-on-package (POP) andmay then be provided as a single semiconductor package.

The network module 4300 may communicate with external devices. Forexample, the network module 4300 may support wireless communication,such as code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobilecommunication (GSM), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA-2000, time divisionmultiple access (TDMA), long term evolution (LTE), WiMAX, WLAN, UWB,Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi communication. In an embodiment, the network module4300 may be included in the application processor 4100.

The storage module 4400 may store data therein. For example, the storagemodule 4400 may store data received from the application processor 4100.Alternatively, the storage module 4400 may transmit the data stored inthe storage module 4400 to the application processor 4100. In anembodiment, the storage module 4400 may be implemented as a nonvolatilesemiconductor memory device, such as a phase-change RAM (PCRAM), amagnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), a resistive RAM (ReRAM), a NAND flashmemory, a NOR flash memory, or a NAND flash memory having athree-dimensional (3D) structure. In an embodiment, the storage module4400 may be provided as a removable storage medium (i.e., removabledrive), such as a memory card or an external drive of the user system4000.

In an embodiment, the storage module 4400 may include a plurality ofnonvolatile memory devices, and each of the plurality of nonvolatilememory devices may be operated in the same manner as that of the memorydevice 100 described above with reference to FIG. 1. The storage module4400 may be operated in the same manner as that of the memory system1000 described above with reference to FIG. 1.

The user interface 4500 may include interfaces for inputting data orinstructions to the application processor 4100, or outputting data to anexternal device. In an embodiment, the user interface 4500 may includeuser input interfaces such as a keyboard, a keypad, a button, a touchpanel, a touch screen, a touch pad, a touch ball, a camera, amicrophone, a gyroscope sensor, a vibration sensor, and a piezoelectricdevice. The user interface 4500 may further include user outputinterfaces such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic lightemitting diode (OLED) display device, an active matrix OLED (AMOLED)display device, an LED, a speaker, a monitor, and so on.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a memorysystem capable of rapidly and accurately determining a deteriorationstate of a memory block to maintain reliability of data, and a method ofoperating the memory system.

Examples of embodiments have been disclosed herein, and althoughspecific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted ina generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation.In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in theart as of the filing of the present application, features,characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with aparticular embodiment may be used singly or in combination withfeatures, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection withother embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly,it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changesin form and details may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the present disclosure as set forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A memory controller configured to control amemory device including a plurality of memory blocks each including aplurality of pages, the memory controller comprising: a scan voltagecontroller configured to control the memory device to apply a pluralityof scan voltages to any one page of the plurality of pages; a counterconfigured to obtain, based on sensed data obtained by reading the anyone page with the plurality of scan voltages, a number of memory cellshaving a threshold voltage included in at least one voltage rangedefined by the plurality of scan voltages, from among a plurality ofmemory cells included in the any one page; and a data manager configuredto control the memory device to store data stored in a memory blockincluding the any one page, in another memory block, based on the numberof memory cells.
 2. The memory controller according to claim 1, whereinthe at least one voltage range is included in a range between a maximumvalue of initial threshold voltages of erased cells included in the anyone page, and a smallest default read voltage value of at least onedefault read voltage of the memory device.
 3. The memory controlleraccording to claim 1, wherein the at least one voltage range includes afirst voltage range and a second voltage range, wherein the counter isconfigured to obtain a number of first memory cells having a thresholdvoltage included in the first voltage range, and a number of secondmemory cells having a threshold voltage included in the second voltagerange, from among the plurality of memory cells included in the any onepage, and wherein the data manager is configured to control the memorydevice to store the data stored in the memory block in the anothermemory block, based on the number of first memory cells and the numberof second memory cells.
 4. The memory controller according to claim 3,wherein the plurality of scan voltages include a first scan voltagecorresponding to a maximum value of the first voltage range, a secondscan voltage corresponding to a minimum value of the second voltagerange, and a third scan voltage corresponding to a minimum value of thefirst voltage range and a maximum value of the second voltage range. 5.The memory controller according to claim 4, wherein the data manager isconfigured to control the memory device to store the data stored in thememory block in the another memory block, when the number of firstmemory cells is a first reference number or more.
 6. The memorycontroller according to claim 5, wherein the data manager is configuredto control the memory device to store the data stored in the memoryblock in the another memory block, when the number of first memory cellsis less than the first reference number and the number of second memorycells is a second reference number or more, and wherein the secondreference number is greater than the first reference number.
 7. Thememory controller according to claim 4, wherein the data manager isconfigured to control the memory device to store the data to stored inthe memory block in the another memory block, when a ratio of the numberof first memory cells and the number of second memory cells is areference ratio or more.
 8. The memory controller according to claim 4,wherein the data manager is configured to control the scan voltagecontroller to apply a test read voltage to each of the plurality ofpages included in the memory block, when a ratio of the number of firstmemory cells and the number of second memory cells is a reference ratioor more, wherein the data manager is configured to obtain, through thecounter, a number of memory cells having an abnormal threshold voltage,from among a plurality of memory cells included in each of the pluralityof pages, and wherein the data manager is configured to control thememory device to store the data stored in the memory block in theanother memory block, when the number of memory cells having theabnormal threshold voltage is a third reference number or more.
 9. Thememory controller according to claim 3, wherein the counter isconfigured to obtain the number of first memory cells by subtracting anumber of memory cells having a threshold voltage lower than the thirdscan voltage from a number of memory cells having a threshold voltagelower than the first scan voltage, and wherein the counter is configuredto obtain the number of second memory cells by subtracting a number ofmemory cells having a threshold voltage lower than the second scanvoltage from the number of memory cells having a threshold voltage lowerthan the third scan voltage.
 10. The memory controller according toclaim 1, wherein the plurality of memory cells are programmed to any oneprogrammed state of a plurality of programmed states which are separatedfrom each other by a threshold voltage, so that the plurality ofprogrammed states each include a corresponding number of memory cells.11. A method of operating a memory controller configured to control amemory device including a plurality of memory blocks each including aplurality of pages, the method comprising: controlling the memory deviceto apply a plurality of scan voltages to any one page of the pluralityof pages; obtaining, based on sensed data obtained by reading the anyone page with the plurality of scan voltages, a number of memory cellshaving a threshold voltage included in at least one voltage rangedefined by the plurality of scan voltages, from among a plurality ofmemory cells included in the any one page; and controlling the memorydevice to store data stored in a memory block including the any one pagein another memory block, based on the number of memory cells.
 12. Themethod according to claim 11, wherein the at least one voltage range isincluded in a range between a maximum value of initial thresholdvoltages of erased cells included in the any one page, and a smallestdefault read voltage value of at least one default read voltage of thememory device.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the atleast one voltage range includes a first voltage range and a secondvoltage range, wherein obtaining the number of memory cells comprisesobtaining a number of first memory cells having a threshold voltageincluded in the first voltage range, and a number of second memory cellshaving a threshold voltage included in the second voltage range, fromamong the plurality of memory cells included in the any one page, andwherein controlling the memory device to store the data comprisescontrolling the memory device to store the data stored in the memoryblock in the another memory block, based on the number of first memorycells and the number of second memory cells.
 14. The method according toclaim 13, wherein the plurality of scan voltages include a first scanvoltage corresponding to a maximum value of the first voltage range, asecond scan voltage corresponding to a minimum value of the secondvoltage range, and a third scan voltage corresponding to a minimum valueof the first voltage range and a maximum value of the second voltagerange.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein controlling thememory device to store the data comprises controlling the memory deviceto store the data stored in the memory block in the another memoryblock, when the number of first memory cells is a first reference numberor more.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein controlling thememory device to store the data comprises controlling the memory deviceto store the data stored in the memory block in the another memoryblock, when the number of first memory cells is less than the firstreference number and the number of second memory cells is a secondreference number or more, and wherein the second reference number isgreater than the first reference number.
 17. The method according toclaim 14, wherein controlling the memory device to store the datacomprises controlling the memory device to store the data stored in thememory block in the another memory block when a ratio of the number offirst memory cells and the number of second memory cells is a referenceratio or more,
 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein controllingthe memory device to store the data comprises: controlling the memorydevice to apply a test read voltage to each of the plurality of pagesincluded in the memory block, when a ratio of the number of first memorycells and the number of second memory cells is a reference ratio ormore; obtaining a number of memory cells having an abnormal thresholdvoltage, from among a plurality of memory cells included in each of theplurality of pages; and controlling the memory device to store the datastored in the memory block in the another memory block, when the numberof memory cells having the abnormal threshold voltage is a thirdreference number or more.
 19. The method according to claim 14, whereinobtaining the number of memory cells comprises: obtaining the number offirst memory cells by subtracting a number of memory cells having athreshold voltage lower than the third scan voltage from a number ofmemory cells having a threshold voltage lower than the first scanvoltage; and obtaining the number of second memory cells by subtractinga number of memory cells having a threshold voltage lower than thesecond scan voltage from the number of memory cells having a thresholdvoltage lower than the third scan voltage.
 20. The method according toclaim 11, wherein the plurality of memory cells are programmed to anyone programmed state of a plurality of programmed states which areseparated from each other by a threshold voltage, so that the pluralityof programmed states each include a corresponding number of memorycells.